He became very interested in the coals he saw that were glowing red-hot. In fact, they are befitting a god generating and controlling fire and volcanoes. Fires destructive capacity and the fact that it seared human meat when it came into contact with it made it a polarizing force. In fact, Vulcan was born limp and had a disfigured face, which was Junos last straw. Most Romans could agree, however, that the fire had been allowed to cause so much devastation because of Vulcan. The origin of the Roman god of fire Vulcan has been traced back to the Cretan god Velchanos by Grard Capdeville, primarily under the suggestion of the close similarity of their names. [10] Meid and Vasily Abaev have proposed on their side a matching theonym in the Ossetic legendary smith of the Nart saga Kurd-Al-Wrgon ("the Alan smith Wrgon"), and postulated an original PIE smith god named *wlknos. God of war, virile power, spring and life in the fields. He was the patron of smiths who made the weapons and armor of the gods and heroes. Traits. Vulcan was the father of Caeculus, who went on to found the city now known as Palestrina, Italy. He appears only when theres some severe drama involved. Drawn with such curious art, so nicely sly. When Mercury caught wind of this extremely serious extramarital affair, he decided to let Vulcan know. The same idea underlies the dedication of the arms of the defeated enemies,[31] as well as those of the surviving general in a devotion ritual to the god.[32]. That is not too bad for a so-called ugly god. After the discovery of cremation tombs in the Forum the latter scholar maintained that the Volcanal was originally the site where corpses were cremated. Vulcan is also said to have created thrones for all the other deities on Mount Olympus, as he never compromised quality. Volcanus". The child Juno had so forcefully rejected had grown up to become a talented blacksmith. According to legend, should Venus be unfaithful, Vulcan would become angry and beat metal that is red-hot with extreme force. The early Italian gods did not have the human characteristics that those of Greece did, so they would have had no need for the weapons and armor a smith would create. This obviously occurred right after Prometheus stole the cheat code to fire straight from the vault of the gods and leaked it to humankind. In Roman myth Vulcan was the father of Caeculus, founder of Praeneste (now Palestrina, Italy). [39] Pliny the Elder tells the same story, but states that the father was the Lar familiaris. Jupiter was considered the chief deity of Roman state religion during the Republican and Imperial eras until Christianity became the dominant religion. The Roman poet Ovid recounts that Aphrodite bore Hermaphroditos by Hermes, who was the epitome of effeminacy and androgyny.She also bore with either Hermes or Zeus, Fortuna who was the personification of luck and fate within Roman religion.Venus is ascribed as the mother of the minor deity Priapus (a fertility god often characterized with an absurdly large phallus) by Bacchus. [72], The area Volcani was probably a locus substructus. Thanks to his time in Lemnos, Vulcan developed his skills as a blacksmith to the maximum and became a master of his craft. [47] Macrobius relates Cincius' opinion that Vulcan's female companion is Maia. [citation needed], A 12-foot-tall and 1200-pound Vulcan statue at California University of Pennsylvania serves as the school's mascot. She accepted this offer, and Vulcan released Juno from her prison throne. Later, Thetis left her underwater grotto to attend a dinner party on Mount Olympus wearing a beautiful necklace of silver and sapphires that Vulcan had made for her. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. To punish mankind for stealing the secrets of fire, Jupiter ordered the other gods to make a poisoned gift for man. The tales about Vulcan, who is sometimes called Mulciber (the smelter), are all based on Greek myths about Hephaestus. [81], On the grounds of a fragmentary inscription found at Annaba (ancient Hippo Regius), it is considered possible that the writer Suetonius had held this office.[82]. You see, the privileges of fire were restricted only to the gods. His theology would be reflected in the Greek myths of Theseus and the Minotaur and in those concerning the childhood of Zeus on Mount Ida. Now, this is where your jaw is going to drop. Being a master craftsman, Vulcan forged a flashy throne for Juno, finished with gold. Juno was furious and demanded that Vulcan return home, a demand that he refused. Both of their names converge to form the word volcano.. In a variant of the story of the birth of Romulus the details are identical even though Vulcan is not explicitly mentioned.[36]. The Roman goddess, Ceres is seen with a few common items in her hands to show her position in the pantheon of gods. The fires of Vulcan, therefore, were associated with agricultural prosperity. Unfortunately, the god of fire was subject to an act of adultery committed by Venus with none other than his brother Mars, the Roman god of war. Ever since that, Vulcan was dispatched to regulate the use of fire. Gabbler. The Mediterranean Pregreek conception is apparent in the depiction of Velchanos as a young man sitting upon a fork of a tree on coins from Phaistos dating from 322 to 300 BC, showing him as a god of vegetation and springtime: the tree is the symbol of the union of Heaven and Earth and their generative power, i. e. the site of the union of the god and the goddess. Vulcan. Millions of high-quality images, video, and music options are waiting for you. So, Vulcan decided to make life a living hell for Mars and Venus; they would realize precisely how explosive an ugly god could be if angered. While Hephaestus was busy punishing his wife for cheating on him, Vulcan was blowing up mountains simply because he was angry. She was revered as the queen of the Underworld but was considered a friendly and helpful deity because she brought new life with her each spring. [69] The hypothesis has been presented that the Volcanal was founded when the Forum was still outside the town walls. The throne trapped Juno right where she sat, and she couldnt break free even though she had that goddess-tier endurance. As far as his temper goes, he can control it . They sprung from the chair and held Juno. When a new temple was eventually built sometime in the 3rd century BC, it was placed outside the city walls once again. God of commerce and messenger of the gods. The Greeks misunderstood the meaning of the bull as for them the symbol of Zeus was a bird: the cock, the cuckoo or the eagle. His statue stands on top of Sheffield Town Hall. What ensued was the eventual capture of Venus and Mars in the net. Supposedly dating back to the 8th century BC, it likely predated the expansion of the city into that area. At the same time a red bull-calf and red boar were added to the sacrifices made on the Vulcanalia, at least in that region of the city.[29]. To be even more particular, the people threw fish and meat into the heat and turned them into a sort of sacrificial fire. His cult is located outside the boundaries of the original city to avoid the risk of fires caused by the god in the city itself. Vulcan's contribution to the beautiful and foolish Pandora was to mould her from clay and to give her form. Organize, control, distribute and measure all of your digital content. As the Consualia were mentioned first in connection with the founding of Rome in the episode of the abduction of the Sabine women, as the Volcanalia are celebrated two days later and two days before the Opiconsivia, and as the name Volcanus resembles that of the ancient Cretan god honoured in the ? who presided over initiation rites, the Consualia must have a meaning of integration into the citizenship. theoi.com/Olympios/HephaistosLoves.html#aphrodite. The statue portrays Vulcan, the Roman god of fire, and is the world's largest cast metal statue. Updates? The Roman god of fire has had his fair share of prayers and chants. Vulcan is a deity born imperfect, looking to pursue perfection through his craft. It was a box that had all things wrong with mankind contained within it. Vulcan summoned the other Gods and Goddesses. This merely solidifies his popularity amongst the North American population, far away from the realms of Rome. He forms, and next a wondrous net prepares. Imagine being the god of fire and volcanoes, the ultimate dream of every teenage kid lying down on their bed and staring at the ceiling. HEPHAISTOS (Hephaestus) was the Olympian god of fire, smiths, craftsmen, metalworking, stonemasonry and sculpture. Hephaestus and Aphrodite. She would be the Goddess of love and beauty known as Venus. Because the city was large and densely-populated, fire was a constant threat. His story is told by Servius, the 4th-century-ad commentator on Virgil. These legends date back to the time of preurban Latium. She was stuck in the chair for days. During this festival, a large bonfire was created. Venus absorbs . The fires and volcanoes he was associated with also had a destructive aspect, however. The sacerdos was named pontifex Vulcani et aedium sacrarum: he had under his jurisdiction all the sacred buildings in town and could give or withhold the authorisation to erect new statues to Eastern divinities. Vulcan is often depicted with a blacksmith's hammer. Vulcan (Latin: Vulcanus, in archaically retained spelling also Volcanus, both pronounced [wkans]) is the god of fire[4] including the fire of volcanoes, deserts, metalworking and the forge in ancient Roman religion and myth. If the Roman god of fire ever grew angry with his people, they feared that a temple within the city could serve as the starting point for a devastating fire. Safe to say, Vulcans legacy lives on as his name continues to branch out more and more. [40] The divinity of the child was recognized when his head was surrounded by flames and he remained unharmed.[41]. Unfortunately for the god of fire, Minerva was quite serious about her commitment to being a virgin goddess. He also fathered Cacus, who was capable of breathing fire, as described in Book VIII of Virgil's Aeneid. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [67] Plutarch states that Romulus was represented crowned by Victory. Most historians believe that the Italian god Vulcan was partially based on had not been a craftsman, but had instead been a more elemental deity of fire. With the might of fire in one hand and the malleability of iron in the other, you can count on this hortative handyman to build the perfect home for your future. And that was precisely when all hell was let loose. Though in some myths, it is said that Sol, the Roman personification of the sun, spied upon them. It is said he fell for a day and a night and then plunged into the sea. Retrieved December 4, 2020. Vulcan wanted to help relieve his fathers pain, so he took a large ax. The Vulcanal was dedicated to Vulcan to pacify his violent mood swings. Top Questions Who was Vulcan in Greek mythology? He was a kind and peace-loving god. Juno asked where she could obtain such a necklace. In the first aspect, he is worshipped in the Volcanalia, to avert its potential danger to harvested wheat. Due to the existence of volcanoes and other heated hazards in Roman realms, the destructive nature of fire had to be calmed through intense worship sessions. Cincius justifies his view on the grounds that the flamen Volcanalis sacrificed to her at the Kalendae of May. The next day, the metal cooled enough for him to beat it into different shapes, He made swords, bracelets, chains, shields and more. Other postulations connect his name to Indo-European languages, associating his presence with Sanskrit cognates. A new temple was established and the sacrifices given during the Vulcanalia were expanded to ensure that the city never burned again. In response to this, the Romans redoubled their efforts to appease the god of fire. After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Vulcan was again honored by having his very own altar erected at Quirinal Hill. The main god and goddesses in Roman culture were Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. Ash was used as a fertilizer in the ancient world, and the people of Italy could look to their own landscape to see the benefits of volcanic ash. It is said that Vulcan had a workstation right in the center of Mount Etna. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. Late in his childhood, he found the remains of a fisherman's fire on the beach and became fascinated with an unextinguished coal, still red-hot and glowing. He is angry at times but loves his job. [55] Cretan Velchanos is a young god of Mediterranean or Near Eastern origin who has mastership of fire and is the companion of the Great Goddess. However, the same discovery that once promised safety also brought with it the ravages of danger. When clothed, he wore a military cloak, plumed helm, and cuirass. His role is often a "deus ex machina" one, but he and his wife (called Venus) are still essential to the overall plot. Part of the reason is that they used the Roman gods and goddesses as an inspiration to live life the right way. Unlike many other cultures, Roman mythology did not develop over a long period of time. Tens of thousands were left homeless and the citys economy suffered for years. Vulcan In ancient Roman religion and myth, Vulcan (Latin: Vulcanus) is the god of both beneficial and hindering fire, including the fire of volcanoes, and the manufacturer of art, arms, iron, and armor for gods and heroes. [14] Vulcan also had a temple on the Campus Martius, which was in existence by 214 BC.[4][18]. Mars was having a relationship with Vulcans wife, Venus. This domain made Vulcan a god who was both loved and trusted by the Romans. On the third day he beat the cooled metal into shapes: bracelets, chains, swords and shields. Juno was delighted with this gift but, as soon as she sat in it her weight triggered hidden springs and metal bands sprung forth to hold her fast. But Jupiter ended up sending Pandora to Earth with a box that contained all sorts of evil: plague, hate, envy, you name it. Even as the city expanded, Vulcan was kept separate. As a result, his services were redeemed by all the other gods. In all the legends . Though the name Vulcan won a popular vote, the International Astronomical Union decided in June 2013 to finalize the names as Charon, Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra.[88]. Rather, Vulcan reigned over fire, which was the maker of every steadfast civilization. In other works, he was also seen working the hammer on an anvil, possibly forging a sword or some kind of divine tool. The next arc of Vulcans importance as a god begins with theft. Both of these were equally distinct in their own ways in Roman mythology. He wanted to embarrass Mars and Venus. As a countermeasure to the gift, Jupiter decided to nullify the vitalizing effects of fire on Earth. Fortunately, Vulcan ended up in the caring hands of Tethys, the Titaness, daughter of Gaia and Uranus, in charge of the sea. Notes This character or object is an adaptation of Vulcan (mythology), a character or object in traditional stories. For instance, blacksmithery was the backbone of every war, and the unpredictability of volcanoes was revered and feared by the Roman people (just think about Pompeii, that should do). Helios was a Titan and told Vulcan about the affair between Mars and Venus. As the son of Jupiter, the king of the gods, and Juno, the queen of the gods, Vulcan should have been quite handsome, but baby Vulcan was small and ugly with a red, bawling face. Youd expect a god of fire to be a hunk of man, right? It is said this caused volcanic eruptions. This god was associated with Hephaestus because of the use of fire in metalworking. Having developed sympathy for mankind, Prometheus decided to defy Jupiter and trick him into gifting humanity fire. monsters inside me scabies; vanilla pound cake calories; lease purchase homes in clayton county, ga Short-tempered and quick to draw the trigger, Vulcans anger has been the center of attention in many myths in Roman mythology. In myth and legend she was famous for her romantic intrigues and affairs with both gods and mortals, and she became associated with many aspects, both positive and negative, of femininity. It would cause sparks and smoke to move to the top of the mountain. The Roman Vulcan remained a god of smithing, but became more closely associated with fire than he had been in Greece. Into its upper surface are dug several narrow channels and in front of it are the remains of a draining channel made of tufaceous slabs. Vulcan was also father of the monster Cacus, who was killed by Hercules for stealing his cattle, as Virgil relates in Book VIII of the Aeneid. Jupiter is the top god of the Roman pantheon. The threat of fire was a major concern in the city of Rome. The Romans hoped, however, that the god of war and the god of fire would work together in the common goal of keeping the city safe from outside threats. Vulcans Italian origins, however, made him an influential god in a way he had not been throughout most of Greek history. Juno admired the necklace and asked where she could get one. Vulcan was the clever and crafty Roman god of the forge, master of blacksmiths and artisans. Vulcan was associated with both the positive and negative qualities of fire. [4][20] During the festival, bonfires were created in honour of the god, into which live fish or small animals were thrown as a sacrifice, to be consumed in the place of humans. She was, therefore, also a daughter of Dione, was the wife of Vulcan, and was the mother of Cupid. It was five meters higher than the Comitium[73] and from it the kings and the magistrates of the beginnings of the republic addressed the people, before the building of the rostra. Whatever fire brought, it sure wasnt biased towards being advantageous or disadvantageous to whoever wielded it. We cant just talk about Vulcan without taking a closer look at his Greek equivalent in Hephaestus. [24], Another custom observed on this day required that one should start working by the light of a candle, probably to propitiate a beneficial use of fire by the god. [43] Varro confirms the fact. Since the territory of the city of Rome was seen as a magnified temple in itself, the three fires should be identified as the hearth of the landlord in the temple of Vesta (aedes Vestae); the sacrificial fires of each temple, shrine or altar; and the defensive fire in the temple of Vulcan. In Crete, Velchanos was the god of initiatory practices of youngsters.[57]. Interestingly, the volcano itself began to stir on the day of the Vulcanalia, further blurring the border of history and mythology. He also made a golden slave-girl to wait on him and do various tasks. The pre-Roman Italians, however, had worshiped much less human-like gods than the Greeks. Poor guy didnt even get to live life one female companion he so dearly wanted. To link to this article in the text of an online publication, please use this URL: 3. Her male counterparts in the Roman pantheon, Vulcan and Mars, are active and fiery. He is also related to volcanoes and fire. Jupiter rang up Vulcans number and asked him to aid him in this highly depressing situation. As human beings cherished the gift of fire, Jupiter was enraged. His fires were constructive and well-contained. Accessed March 2, 2023. It was said that whenever Venus was unfaithful, Vulcan grew angry and beat the red-hot metal with such a force that sparks and smoke rose up from the top of the mountain, creating a volcanic eruption. [12], Christian-Joseph Guyonvarc'h has proposed the identification with the Irish name Olcan (Ogamic Ulccagni, in the genitive). The name Vulcan might consist of two syllables. Vulcan is also a character in the popular video game SMITE by Hi-Rez studios. He was renamed Vulcan, or Vulcanus. Robust in stature, he is seen . You wont believe this, but Vulcan was one of Jupiters legitimate children. Forum Vulcani). Whether your luck is good or bad is entirely up to the whims of Fortuna. Once it was done, Vulcan married Venus, bringing him up to the level of all the other gods. On the day of the Volcanalia (August 23) a sacrifice was offered to Hora Quirini, paredra of Quirinus with whom the deified Romulus was identified. At Praeneste the uncles of Caeculus are known as Digiti,[56] a noun that connects them to the Cretan Dactyli. The pontifex was the sole authority who had a number of subordinate officials to help discharge his duties, namely three praetores and two or three aediles. Most historians believe that the Italian god Vulcan was partially based on had not been a craftsman, but had instead been a more elemental deity of fire. [15] However, Vulcan had a stronger association than Hephaestus with fire's destructive capacity, and a major concern of his worshippers was to encourage the god to avert harmful fires. His name is very similar to that of Latin god Volcanus, who himself was considered to be the father of Caeculus and Servius Tullius, not to mention Romulus in the version transmitted by Promathion, which is very similar to the legend of Servius. Its placement on the Campus Martius kept the city safe in more than one way. Vulcan was the god of smithing, deserts and volcanoes. A flamen, one of the flamines minors, named flamen Vulcanalis was in charge of the cult of the god. This chain was used to bind Prometheus and keep him confined to a rock. The main and most ancient sanctuary of Vulcan in Rome was the Volcanal, located in the area Volcani, an open-air space at the foot of the Capitolium, in the northwestern corner of the Roman Forum, with an area dedicated to the god and a perennial fire. Prometheus was the Titan fire god, and from his heavenly abode, he saw how greatly human beings were suffering from the lack of fire. Mason-Dixon Line The occurrence of his name on a Linear B tablet (13th century bce) shows that he was already worshipped in the Mycenaean period, although it is not known where his cult originated. This could be seen, in part, as due to differences between the two cultures. The tales about Vulcan, who is sometimes called Mulciber (the smelter), are all based on Greek myths about Hephaestus. But hold up, did you think it was a normal throne meant to honor the Olympians? [80], Another temple was erected to the god before 215 BC in the Campus Martius, near the Circus Flaminius, where games in his honour were held during the festival of the Volcanalia.[70]. He was chosen for life, perhaps by the council of the decuriones, and his position was the equivalent of the pontifex maximus in Rome. It was probably that the shrine of Vulcan was originally located outside of the citys walls. Thetis became flustered, causing Juno to become suspicious; and, at last, the queen god discovered the truth: the baby she had once rejected had grown into a talented blacksmith. The nature of Vulcan is connected with religious ideas concerning fire; the Roman concept of Vulcan seems to associate him to both the destructive and the fertilizing powers of fire. He is not a character in the novel and is now the "god of guns" in this version, using the forge at his ammunition factory as a symbolic representation of a volcano. After early civilizations, ancient Rome and Greece were next in line to reap the benefits of this secret of the gods. Nothing worked to make it go away. No, we arent talking about Netflix and chocolate milk. At the party, Juno was captivated by the necklace worn by Thetis. What were the symbols of Vulcan? Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. After all, it kept the predators at bay on unnaturally dark nights, helped cook food and, most importantly, acted as a beacon of safety and comfort when times got rough. But beware, he is infamous for his anger issues. When she attended the party, she wore a stunning necklace made with sapphires and silver. He was invoked by warriors and fighters to obtain victory, and he was represented with an armor, a sword, a shield and a helmet. [citation needed], The Vulcan statue located in Birmingham, Alabama is the largest cast iron statue in the world. As a baby, Vulcan was very small and ugly. From popular culture to being immortalized through statues, this badass blacksmith is no stranger to fame. He built a beautiful chair made of gold and silver with inlays of mother-of-pearl and sent it to Juno. iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order Jupiter decided to punish humanity for the theft of fire as well. Dionisio. A message from the underground forge of the gods: history and current eruptions at Mt Etna. However, one thing remains certain: Vulcan made his way into Roman legends and solidified his position through the Roman conquest of Greece. When Juno sat in the chair, her weight engaged hidden springs and metal bands. [65] His Greek counterpart is Hephaestus, the god of fire and smithery. The son of Zeus* and Hera* (or, in some versions, of Hera alone . Ash, whether from controlled fires or the Italian volcanoes, enriched the soil. Related 7 Appearances of Vulcan (New Earth) Boards are the best place to save images and video clips. It had been made for her by Vulcan. These chains, obedient to the touch, he spread, In secret foldings oer the conscious bed.. [84], Vulcan is the patron god of the English steel-making city of Sheffield. [7] This interpretation is supported by Walter William Skeat in his etymological dictionary as meaning lustre. Vulcan was also connected to agriculture and fertility far more than Hephaestus had ever been. Vulcan was an avatar of Hephaestus . Hephaestus is either the son of Zeus and Hera, or simply of Hera alone, who gives birth to him in retaliation for Zeus's solo fathering of Athena. However, Vulcan was in the mood to make an offer so good that she wouldnt be able to refuse. A gods cult indeed. However, in letters dispatched by Pliny the Younger, he puts forward some interesting details that tie the Vesuvius eruption to Vulcan. It never healed properly, and it was noticeable when Vulcan walked. Cacus stole a number of cattle from Hercules and hid them on the Aventine Hill. Vulcan always remained closely tied to the elemental form of fire in Roman thought. [19] Vulcan became associated like his Greek counterpart with the constructive use of fire in metalworking. Far more than Hephaestus, Vulcan was seen as a god who had to be appeased. The great festival which Roman priests dedicated to Vulcan? It was believed that with such parents he would be quite handsome. The reason for the creation of Pandora was to make mankind pay for having the secrets of fire. The founder of Rome has a close relationship with this god as he founded the Volcanal and there he dedicated a quadriga with his own statue after his first victory. Due to Vulcans sheer ugliness (which she used as an excuse), Venus began to look for pleasure in other forms by looking outside their marriage. These traits are preserved in Latium only in his sons Cacus, Caeculus, and Servius Tullius. Juno was so horrified that she hurled the tiny baby off the top of Mount Olympus . His worship was very ancient, and at Rome he had his own priest ( flamen ). Hephaestus can also have a very jealous personality due to his lame leg and "ranks". Vulcan fell down for a day and a night, landing in the sea. As volcanoes were known to spew destructive fire, many commoner's . Vulcan was a god who could avert this threat in Roman thought, but great care was still taken to minimize the chance of fire in the city. Vulcan worked hard to make knives and spoons with pearl handles for his foster mother, Thetis. Unfortunately, Hephaestus also shared the same ugliness as Vulcan, which impacted his life more often than not (sometimes directly involving his wife, Aphrodite). She was given a gift from the Gods. Nonetheless, the Roman concept and need of a deity looking over fire, blacksmithery and volcanoes were much needed in the pages of mythology. The rock shows signs of damages and repairs. VULCAN Meaning of Vulcan The god of fire, the forge and the blacksmiths. It was the view of the Etruscan haruspices that a temple of Vulcan should be located outside the city,[17] and the Vulcanal may originally have been on or outside the city limits before they expanded to include the Capitoline Hill. I am the owner and chief researcher at this site. He made the sword and shield of Achilles She took him to her underwater home and raised him as her son. Instead, the people of early Rome adopted the legends of their neighbors almost entirely as they had been told by the Greeks. [78], At the beginning of the 20th century, behind the Arch of Septimius Severus were found some ancient tufaceous foundations that probably belonged to the Volcanal and traces of a rocky platform, 3.95 meters long and 2.80 meters wide, that had been covered with concrete and painted in red. Roman tradition maintained that it was related to Latin words connected to lightning (fulgur, fulgere, fulmen), which in turn was thought of as related to flames. He was also given the office of being the god of fire and the forge, thanks to his remarkable skill of trapping goddesses through mere tools. The place is a plain where many sulphurous vapour outlets are located (currently Solfatara). Vulcan's siblings in Roman mythology included the star-studded lineup of Mars, Bellona and Juventas. There are three different ways you can cite this article. Vulcans Greek counterpart is actually none other than Hephaestus. [9] Wolfgang Meid has disputed this identification as phantastic. Like his Roman counterpart, Hephaestus was the Greek god of fire and blacksmithery. The 12 Roman gods with Their attributes. Another reflection of the tradition of the Cretan Velchanos-Zeus would be found in Argolid in the mysteries of Zeus Lykaios, which contemplated anthropophagy and may have inspired the Italic Lupercalia. Some scholars think that Vulcan might be the unknown god who impregnated goddesses Fortuna Primigenia at Praeneste and Feronia at Anxur. 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