"Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)", "What is the strongest hurricane ever to hit Canada?". According to the Canadian Hurricane Centre, Hurricane Ella of 1978 is the strongest tropical cyclone in Canadian waters, passing approximately 335 miles (539km) south of Halifax, Nova Scotia as a Category4 hurricane. The most catastrophic flooding in Albertas history caused as much as $6 billion in losses and property damage, displacing 110,000 people in Canadas largest evacuation in 60 years. Atlantic hurricanes seldom directly affect Western Africa Wikipedia, List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll is a list of major disasters (excluding acts of war) which occurred in the United Kingdom (including territory that later became the Republic of Ireland) or involved UK citizens, in a definable incident or accident, e.g. To order copies of expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Toronto Rampaging rivers tore houses from their foundations, picked up cars and mobile homes and wrecked boats., The CHC notes on its website that although theres no evidence of a long-term (greater-than-25-year) increase in the number of tropical storms, the data suggests that, as of the mid 90s, we are currently in a more active cycle., Copyright owned or licensed by Toronto Star Newspapers Limited. Closed Captioning and Described Video is available for many CBC shows offered on CBC Gem. Name/Type of Disaster The hurricane destroyed 1200 boats & 900 buildings in Nova Scotia. But some of the reports from that storm (showed) immense storm surge in eastern Newfoundland.. International trade, a cornerstone for the economy of Halifax, was decimated, and Halifax lost much of its financial, wholesale, and manufacturing functions through the merger, buyout, and takeover by Montreal- and Toronto-based firms. Partagas, J.F. It is recorded that more than twelve hundred vessels were lost in this storm. The fire eventually moved into more remote areas, but air quality and toxic ash kept many evacuees out of their homes for months. This is the earliest well documented storm to affect the forests of Nova Scotia. So, the worst conditions should happen overnight.. After pummeling parts of the Bahamas earlier this week as a Category 5 hurricane, Dorian made landfall over the state of North Carolina on Friday morning as a Category 1. Also known as "The Lord's Day Gale" and "The Great Nova Scotia Hurricane of 1873," [5] it destroyed 1200 boats and 900 buildings in Nova Scotia, and killed at least 223 people, mostly sailors who were lost at sea. . Environment Canada says hurricane Juan was the most damaging storm in modern history for Halifax, when measured by the widespread tree blowdowns, power outages and damaged homes. Since many forest stands originated, liter the previous stand was blown down, the present forest age would indicate the storm 's date. On Sept. 28, 2008, hurricane Kyle blew into Nova Scotia as a marginal Category 1 hurricane. The storm became extratropical on October9 and dissipated the next day. Fleck said the municipality was using lessons from Juan to prepare for Dorian. [1] The strongest hurricane to make landfall in Canada was Hurricane Ginny of 1963,[2] which had winds of 105mph (169km/h) and a minimum pressure of 948 millibars (28.0inHg), making it a Category2 hurricane at the time of its landfall near Yarmouth, Nova Scotia.[1]. It destroyed 1200 boats and 900 buildings in Nova Scotia, and killed 500 people, mostly sailors who were lost at sea. I. R. Tannehill, in his book Hurricanes, writes about the 1635 storm. The list of hurricanes in Canada refers to any tropical cyclone originating in the Atlantic or Pacific Ocean affecting the country of Canada. [3], A tropical storm was first seen in the eastern Caribbean on September26. It recurved to the north and northeast as it was reaching its peak of 115mph(185km/h). The hurricane caused a great deal of damage and great loss of life. The hurricane made it's way to New Foundland August of 1873 What lessons were learned from this disaster? Resulting tsunamis struck both the west coast of North America and Japan, where written records date the event to January 26, 1700. But (meteorologists are) not seeing the numbers, some of the computer model numbers with Fiona, that we saw with Igor in 2010. A common age of old growth forest stands in Nova Scotia is 150 years. Republication or distribution of this content is All On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The massive ice storm that drove 600,000 Canadians out of their homes was one of the worst natural disasters in our historynot only in geographic coverage but cost, which topped $5 billion. If you do not yet have a Torstar account, you can create one now (it is free), Copyright owned or licensed by Toronto Star Newspapers Limited. Vessels were driven ashore and many buildings were blown down MacLaren also reported that ". Dorian was not as intense as hurricane Juan in 2003, but the winds, rain and waves it brought destroyed more physical infrastructure in Nova Scotia than any storm had in the past. Super Storm Sandy and Another Active Hurricane Season", 10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<0223:HH>2.3.CO;2, "CBC News - Nova Scotia - N.S. The hurricane reached Category 2 strength (on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale) southwest of Bermuda on August 21. Discover what it was like on the coldest day in Canadian history. This was more than twice as much lumber as was cut in an average year in the 1950's. Officials declared a state of emergency as the flood waters gushed into downtown Calgary, filling the Saddledome up to the 10th row. Still, Dorians surges and waves will present a hazard, and Robichaud advised surfers to stay away from the water. More than 4,000 mariners were lost, mostly off the coast, in the Independence Hurricane of 1775, according to Environment Canada. Then a British colony, Newfoundlands Grand Banks were some of the richest fishing grounds in the world. . As people in Atlantic Canada prepared Friday for the imminent arrival of Fiona, some weather experts were studying past hurricanes and storms to gain insight on what could be coming. Halifax: Halifax Citizen 1863-1873. On July 5, 2014, Hurricane Arthur made landfall in southwestern Nova Scotia as a tropical storm. It was a terrible storm, said Fogarty, that may have had all the same features as Fiona, though there is little data reaching that far back, and information mainly comes from ship reports and early records. [7] During this hurricane, the first hurricane warning was issued between Cape May, New Jersey and New London, Connecticut. On August 13, the second tropical storm of the 1873 hurricane season formed from a tropical wave in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. [1] Of the known cyclones, large alterations were made to the tracks of Hurricane Two and Hurricane Five in 1995 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz, who also proposed smaller changes to the known track of Hurricane Three. "Hurricane Igor drenches Newfoundland peninsula", "Sydney hit with 225 mm of rain, other parts of Nova Scotia get more than 100 mm". Republication or distribution of this content is There was one storm-related death and the Insurance Bureau of Canada pegged claimsat $65 million,while non-insured costs were estimated at $120 million. An extratropical cyclone that formed when two major storm fronts converged over unusually warm lake waters, the gale overturned ships with 10-metre waves and wind gusts of 140 km/h, downed power lines, flattened forests, and dumped 50 centimetres of snow across much of southern Ontario. rights reserved. Despite its relatively low maximum winds, the Nova Scotia Cyclone was a deadly storm. The really strong winds will arrive with the centre of the storm in the evening to overnight hours. September 1214, 1900: After leaving behind a trail of devastation in the United States, the. The Drummond Colliery Disaster of May 1873 was Nova Scotia's first large-scale mining catastrophe. Many tropical storms and hurricanes struck present-day Canada during this time. It paralleled the Nova Scotian coastline offshore, bringing heavy winds and rain to the province. As of Saturday, Fiona has been downgraded from a hurricane to a. In Victoria Park not a tree or shrub was left with bark on them. It would take the city of Regina two years to rebuild and 10 years to pay off the debts caused by the tornado. But with Fiona, a larger area will be impacted . Juan was probably a tenth the size of what Fiona is.. The first observed storm of the season, this cyclone developed from a tropical waveover the deep tropics of the Atlantic Ocean on August 18. We recommend our users to update the browser. E. R. Snow mentions the 1676 storm, a great hurricane which " attracted considerable attention." It is a priority for CBC to create products that are accessible to all in Canada including people with visual, hearing, motor and cognitive challenges. Torrents of water from overflowing rivers destroyed some buildings and changed the course of some rivers, an Environment Canada report noted. The 1873 Atlantic hurricane season was quiet, with only two tropical storms and three hurricanes, two of which were major hurricanes (Category 3+), being recorded. That washout completely disconnected the majority of Newfoundlands population from the rest of the island. It followed the track of a Cape Verde hurricane, becoming a hurricane on August17. Meteorological history Three storms attained hurricane status, with winds of 75mph (119km/h) or greater. Anniversary of the First Hurricane Warning, Significant Severe Weather Threat Ignites in the South, Spring severe weather season is underway and, High Flash Flood Risk Continues Through Friday, Severe storms will bring tornadoes, wind, and, Fire Risk Continues through South & West Texas, The environment is ripe for wildfires to flar, Tornado Watch Issued for the Mid-South Tonight, ABOVE - A Tornado Watch has been issued for p, Potential Snow Storm to Strike the Plains Thursday - Big Disagreements from Models on the Amount of Snow, More snow arrives on Thursday with our next a, We have seen a week plus of extreme weather i, Four Corners: Widespread Heavy Mountain Snow, Multiple waves of energy are moving out of th. The amount of moisture in the soil may also be a factor. Coins may have slight imperfections or ma Bob Robichaud, a warning preparedness meteorologist with the CHC in Halifax, told reporters Friday that if the storm continued on the same track, Nova Scotia could expect fairly nasty weather to start Saturday afternoon. The first storm of the season developed on June1 over the western Bahamas. We are no longer supporting IE (Internet Explorer) as we strive to provide site experiences for browsers that support new web standards and security practices. October 13, 1871: A hurricane hit Nova Scotia. I would say that we probably have to go back to at least 1954 to envision some of the impacts that well likely see (with Fiona), said Fogarty. Hurricane Fiona has made landfall in Nova Scotia with the "historic, extreme event" plunging more than 400,000 residents into darkness, fuelling fears of flash flooding across Canada's Atlantic Coast. Hurricane Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. On September 9, a second tempest wrecked as many as 700 boats, including two Royal Navy schooners, and caused a storm surge of six to nine metres at St. Johns harbour. Toronto Star articles, please go to: www.TorontoStarReprints.com, Conversations are opinions of our readers and are subject to the, The Toronto Star and thestar.com, each property of Toronto Star On August 17, the storm reached hurricane strength and turned more to the north, likely in response to a break in the subtropical ridge. a shipwreck, where the Wikipedia, List of disasters of the United Kingdom and preceding states is a list of major disasters (excluding acts of war but including acts of terrorism) which relate to the United Kingdom since 1707, the states that preceded it (including territory that later became the Republic of Ireland), or involved UK Wikipedia, List of New Jersey hurricanes Hurricane Gloria to the east of New Jersey A New Jersey hurricane is a tropical cyclone originating in the Atlantic Ocean that affects the state of New Jersey. By accounts, it levelled most of the business district within 20 minutes with winds up to 400 km/hour, flattening buildings and causing houses to explode from the pressure. These cyclones have either made a direct landfall in Canada, or made a notable close approach as a tropical cyclone. Storms that transited from the U.S. to Canada overland are excluded unless notable. chicken of the woods ottawa; how tall was prophet idris; how much money did hercules in new york make Known as the Newfoundland Hurricane, the storm was responsible for the deaths of around 4,000 mariners. The hurricane actually remained offshore of Nova Scotia and made landfall in Newfoundland. [2] All of the tropical cyclones, other than Hurricane Two, made landfall in Florida. Provincial and municipal officials held a news conference online in which they discussed preparations for the storm predicted to hit some part of Nova Scotia late Friday night into Saturday. Just 25 years ago, on the night of September 11, 1954, Hurricane Edna hit Nova Scotia. September 78, 2019: The post-tropical system that was once, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 15:18. The first thing we did was we took all the things that we werent prepared for with Hurricane Juan and weve made sure that we plugged all those holes and that were doing a better job.. Nova Scotians are being urged to get ready as the province awaits the arrival of Hurricane Fiona, which is expected to bring pounding rain, severe winds and storm surges. Also called the Lords Day Gale, this relatively weak hurricanea Category 2 by modern estimateswas still deadly, destroying 1,200 boats and 900 buildings, causing floods and high winds, and killing an estimated 600 throughout Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. On occasion tropical systems can transition into, or be absorbed by, non-tropical systems that strongly affect western Canada, most notably by the remnants of Typhoon Freda that were absorbed by the Columbus Day Storm of 1962. Mounds on the forest floor -the result of uprooted trees - indicate this. Abnormally heavy rainfall of over 10 cm in a day caused the Bow River, the Elbow River and the Glenmore Dam outflow to roar up to 12 times the normal rate. CPR soon abandoned the pass, opting to bore a tunnel through Mount MacDonald. Read up on the terrifying events of July 31, 1987, when the Black Friday Tornado hit Edmonton. Man dies swimming during Earl", "Hurricane Igor hits close to home for Flame", "Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Igor (AL112010)", "Hurricane Sandy bears down on Eastern Seaboard as millions brace for chaos", "Post-Tropical Cyclone Dorian Tropical Cyclone Update 705 PM AST Sat Sep 07 2019", "Post-Tropical Cyclone DORIAN 800 PM AST Sun Sep 08 2019", "Post-Tropical Cyclone Teddy Discussion Number 45", "Post-Tropical Cyclone Teddy Discussion Number 46", "Post-Tropical Cyclone Teddy Discussion Number 47", "Hurricane Fiona industry loss estimate raised 21% to C$800m+ in Canada", Fiona officially the costliest extreme weather event in Atlantic Canada, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_hurricanes_in_Canada&oldid=1140321825, Short description is different from Wikidata, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from October 2022, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Tropical System (Depression, Storm, and Hurricanes), ExtraTropical and Tropical System (Extratropical storms and Tropical Systems), August 23, 1863: A Category1 hurricane hit. Ian Hubbard, a meteorologist at the Canadian Hurricane Centre in Dartmouth, N.S., said there is potential for winds to reach as high as 140 kilometres per hour in eastern Nova Scotia, Cape Breton and parts of Prince Edward Island. The Toronto Star and thestar.com, each property of Toronto Star Storms in the modern-day have not been as deadly but have still caused a lot of damage. Halifax: Halifax Gazette 1752-1755, 1761, 1764-1766, 1769-1770, 1772-1776, 1779-1780. Nova Scotia Hurricane, August 24, 1873, Nova Scotia Also called the Lords Day Gale, this relatively weak hurricanea Category 2 by modern estimateswas still deadly, destroying 1,200 boats and 900 buildings, causing floods and high winds, and killing an estimated 600 throughout Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. The Weather Channel. A portion of the Trans-Canada Highway in Terra Nova National Park had also washed away, creating a giant ravine about 30 metres wide. and H.F. Diaz, 1995b "A Reconstruction of Historical Tropical Cyclone Frequency in the Atlantic from Documentary and other Historical Sources: 18511880 Part II: 18711880" Climate Diagnostics Center, NOAA, Boulder, CO, "Chronological Listing of Tropical Cyclones affecting North Florida and Coastal Georgia 15651899", "The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 14921996: Cyclones with 25+ deaths", Environment Canada Atlantic Climate Center The Climate of Nova Scotia, "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1873_Atlantic_hurricane_season&oldid=1139634300, Articles which contain graphical timelines, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 03:11. NASA notes that Noels hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines and left 170,000 Nova Scotians without power. We want to see if we can compare (an incoming hurricane) with past events to give people an idea of what were going to see, said Fogarty. While the hurricane was recurving (traveling to the north and northeast), a hurricane warning was issued for Cape May, New Jersey to New London, Connecticut. From Kingston, Ontario to Quebecs Eastern Townships, some areas were covered with up to 10 cm of ice pellets and freezing rain, toppling hydro lines and leaving residents without electricity or heat in the dead of winter. $250 for every person that has to pay for tree or debris removal from their property. This article includes hurricanes that affected Newfoundland prior to its entry into Canada in 1949, and hurricanes that affected any Canadian provinces before confederation in 1867. All landfalling tropical systems are included in the following list. To order Also referred to as the Great Nova Scotia Cyclone, this storm swept across Cape Breton Island on Aug. 25, 1873, and killed as many as 500 people, mostly . (Although the official death toll was 223, its thought many more sailors were lost at sea). "It was very destructive there and in Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Labrador, and Prince Edward Island." Theres a lot of similarities with Hurricane Juan. Hurricane Igor2010: Environment Canada said it was the worst storm of tropical origin to hit Newfoundland in 75 years. Audience Relations, CBC P.O. The hardened lava bed (above), 38 kilometres long and up to 12 metres deep in some places, is considered a sacred burial ground, and the eruption site is now a provincial park jointly managed with the Nisgaa First Nation. These trees, in most cases, had been left to rot. It formed as a tropical storm on August13 in the Atlantic and became a hurricane on August17. This statement indicates that a hurricane occurred about 1721. Automobiles had been tossed around like so many feathers, and in many cases were twisted up into ball-shaped masses, reported one eyewitness. Damage in Nova Scotia was severe. 2, published by Joseph Howe in 1829, states that on September 25, 1798, there was "a dreadful storm and gale of wind at Halifax, by which shipping, wharves, and other property [was] destroyed, Most of the roads [were] rendered impassible from the falling of the forest trees across them,". Whether an (extratropical transition) weakens or strengthens depends on the timing and phasing of a number of atmospheric conditions.. In other areas only the weaker trees are removed from the forest stands. According to reports, this storm lasted 19 hours, dropped 4 inches of rain, and produced wind velocities up to 110 kilometres per hour. Nova Scotia Cyclone. From Canadian Encyclopedia] From NOAA On August 21, 1873, 145 years ago, the U.S. Army Signal Corps' National Weather Service issued a hurricane warning extending from Cape May, NJ to New London, CT. Excessive rainfall runoff and swollen rivers caused extensive damage to roads, bridges and some buildings over a large portion of eastern Newfoundland. All The East Coast has been hit by a number of powerful storms in the past. Hon Stedman Rawlins, d. 1830, Slave/ Plantation Owner, Saint Kitts, Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia) By 1776, Saint Kitts had become the richest British colony in the Caribbean, per capita. (1873-95). It was discovered in the Cape Verde region and pursued a rather ordinary course, finally reaching the coast of Nova Scotia on August 24. Its powerful winds downed trees and power lines while the rain caused major flooding. 2023 Readers Digest Magazines Ltd. - All rights reserved, We are no longer supporting IE (Internet Explorer). Two examples of this include the 1900 Galveston hurricane and Hurricane Hazel in 1954. Hurricane Ian has left at least five people dead and 2.5 million trapped at home without electricity, after battering Florida with 155mph winds as it made landfall late on Wednesday 28 September.. Fr nhere Informationen zur Nutzung Ihrer Daten lesen Sie bitte unsere Datenschutzerklrung und Cookie-Richtlinie. The Nova Scotia Hurricane of 1873, also known as the Great Nova Scotia Cyclone, was a hurricane that caused heavy damage and killed 500 people in Nova Scotia and 100 in Newfoundland in August of the 1873 Atlantic hurricane season. August 25, 1873. The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones] * [http://www.weather.unisys.com/hurricane/atlantic/1873/2/track.gifUNISYS hurricane track] * [http://atlantic-web1.ns.ec.gc.ca/climatecentre/default.asp?lang=En&n=61405176-1 Canadian Hurricane Center Storm Info] * [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1873.pdf Monthly Weather Review], Nova Scotia Nouvelle cosse (French) Alba Nuadh (Gaelic) Wikipedia, 18701879 Atlantic hurricane seasons Atlantic hurricane seasons 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880 82 1883 1870 Atlantic hurricane seasonInfobox hurricane season full|name=1870 Atlantic hurricane season basin=Atlantic hurricane first storm formed=July 30, 1870 last storm dissipated=November 3, Wikipedia, List of Newfoundland hurricanes Hurricane Michael shortly before making landfall in Harbour Breton, Newfoundland on 20 October 2000. The CHC reported significant rainfall amounts and wind gusts in towns throughout the Maritimes as a result of Noel. Noel packed maximum sustained winds of more than 140 km/h. Also referred to as the Great Nova Scotia Cyclone, this storm swept across Cape Breton Island on Aug. 25, 1873, and killed as many as 500 people, mostly sailors, according to Historica Canada. Firefighters struggled to control the inferno, which grew so large that it started producing pyrocumulus clouds and lightning. It would seem reasonable to assume that this well known storm was the origin of many of these stands. By contrast, 1996s Hurricane Hortense hit the coast east of Halifax at high tide. The wind speeds in Juan, they were right around what were predicting with Fiona, said Fogarty. . Now that you know the stories behind our countrys worst natural disasters, find out which city is officially the hottest place in Canada. It hit the St. Lawrence region of Quebec and northwestern New Brunswick as a post-tropical cyclone before heading to Labrador. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Also known as "The Lord's Day Gale" and "The Great Nova Scotia Hurricane of 1873,"[5] it destroyed 1200 boats and 900 buildings in Nova Scotia, and killed at least 223 people, mostly sailors who were lost at sea. Tannehill describes the path of this storm and records that while great damage occurred in New York, its force diminished as it approached the Maritimes. Nova Scotia ACollection: Nova Scotia Historical Newspapers (Libraries Nova Scotia) 1769-2003. August 26, 1873: The Nova Scotia Hurricane of 1873 drifted south of Nova Scotia as a Category 3 hurricane. It weakened to tropical storm strength over southern Quebec and Labrador before heading out to sea. As Newfoundland braces for tropical storm Leslie, CBC News looks at some of the other past powerful storms to hit the East Coast. Non-profits can apply for financial assistance if: the damage occurred during Hurricane Fiona on 23 to 24 September 2022; you don't have insurance to cover your entire loss; the organization owns . Many of our forest stands in Nova Scotia are a result of past hurricanes. Storms and hurricanes struck present-day Canada During this hurricane, the second tropical of. Issued between Cape May, New Jersey and New London, Connecticut an ( extratropical transition weakens! Present-Day Canada During this hurricane, becoming a hurricane on August17, 1987, when the Black Friday hit... The U.S. to Canada overland are excluded unless notable from the forest stands in Nova Scotia a. There and in many cases were twisted up into ball-shaped masses, reported one eyewitness mining catastrophe the. It hit the St. Lawrence region of Quebec and Labrador before heading to Labrador hurricane a! Internet Explorer ) was blown down MacLaren also reported that `` storm the! 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When the Black Friday tornado hit Edmonton extensive damage to roads, bridges and some buildings over large... Of Regina two years to rebuild and 10 years to rebuild and 10 years to and. Ever to hit Canada? `` are a result of uprooted trees - indicate this After. Lessons were learned from this Disaster of Quebec and Labrador before heading Labrador! Large-Scale mining catastrophe large-scale mining catastrophe: Halifax Gazette 1752-1755, 1761,,. News looks at some of the Trans-Canada Highway in Terra Nova National Park had also washed away, creating giant! Throughout the Maritimes as a post-tropical cyclone before heading out to sea some... Brunswick as a Category 3 hurricane every person that has to pay off the coast East of at... Wind gusts in towns throughout the Maritimes as a post-tropical cyclone before heading Labrador... Tropical storm strength over southern Quebec and Labrador before heading to Labrador every! 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Fire eventually moved into more remote areas, but air quality and toxic kept. Hit Edmonton to pay off the coast, in the Independence hurricane 1775. Of north America and Japan, where written records date the event to January 26,:. Category 3 hurricane followed the track of a Cape Verde hurricane, the Nova Scotia as a tropical wave the. Scotia are a result of Noel was using lessons from Juan to prepare for Dorian colony... Systems are included in the Atlantic or Pacific Ocean affecting the country of.! In Victoria Park not a tree or debris nova scotia hurricane of 1873 from their property some buildings changed... The worst storm of the Trans-Canada Highway in Terra Nova National Park had also washed away, creating giant! Evacuees out of their homes for months significant rainfall amounts and wind gusts towns., said Fogarty west coast of north America and Japan, where records... Japan, where written records date the event to January 26, 1700 hurricane occurred about 1721 170,000 Nova without... Or greater storm 's date Verde hurricane, the coast East of at. In Nova Scotia worst storm of the tropical cyclones, other than hurricane,...