"[1], The city imposed modest building and sanitation rules, required that women and children not live in the Hooverville, and expected the residents to keep order. Though Hoover later agreed that MacArthur had used excessive force, irreparable damage to his presidency and legacy had been done. As Secretary of Commerce, Hoover presided over the economic boom times of the 'Roaring Twenties,' and when he entered the White House in early 1929, it seemed clear that the nation was in good hands. They were built by unemployed impoverished Americans that had been made homeless and had nowhere else to live. City officials alternately tolerated and tried to eradicate the shack town. Seattle lies on a narrow strip of land between the salt waters of Puget Sound and the fresh waters of Lake Washington. Seattle's Hooverville and its residents were portrayed as violent, exotic, and separate from the rest of Seattle, obscuring the social accomplishments and self-organization of shantytown residents. Advertisement. The Depression was blamed on President Herbert Hoover, after whom the town was named after, as coined by Charles Michelson. The current "Nickelsville" is a nod to Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels, just as "Hooverville" was a sarcastic nod to . READ MORE:Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression? The Great Depression was the most severe and enduring economic collapse of the 20th century, and included abrupt declines in the supply and demand of goods and services along with a meteoric rise in unemployment. Despite being some of the hardest hit victims of the Great Depression, the encampments residents remained upbeat, naming their neighborhoods Hoover Heights, Merryland, and Happyland. They elected a mayor and a liaison to represent the camp in negotiations with St. Louis authorities. Others responded to complaints by people in the neighborhood and evicted the inhabitants and burned the shacks. The final decision to eliminate Hooverville was presented in a report from the Housing Authority. University of Washington: The Great Depression in Washington State.Hoovervilles in Seattle. By 1930 and 1931, settlements appeared in various locations throughout Seattle, but authorities typically destroyed them after neighbors complained. During the Great Depression, in the 1930s, as millions of people lost their jobs and homes, shanty towns, also known as "Hoovervilles" began to sprout up across the US. There were dozens in the state of Washington, hundreds throughout the country, each testifying to the housing crisis that accompanied the employment crisis of the early 1930s. Today the nine acre site is used to unload container ships. The shanty town was so big that people established their own community government and elected a 'mayor' as their leader to settle any disputes. A Tarpaper Carthage: Interpreting Hooverville, by Joey Smith, It was a highly diverse population. Over its eight years of existence, the WPA put roughly 8.5 million Americans to work read more, The 1930s in the United States began with an historic low: more than 15 million Americansfully one-quarter of all wage-earning workerswere unemployed. Roosevelts recovery program, known as the New Deal, eventually reduced unemployment, regulated banking and helped turn the ailing economy around with public works projects and other economic programs. And hundreds of thousands--no one knows how many--took to the streets, finding what shelter they could, under bridges, in culverts, or on vacant public land where they built crude shacks. People experiencing homelessness made them from scraps of wood, tin, tar, and cardboard, and named . Most Hoovervilles operated in an informal, unorganized way, but the bigger ones would sometimes put forward spokespersons to serve as a liaison between the camp and the larger community. Hoovervilles were hundreds of crude campgrounds built across the United States by poverty stricken people who had lost their homes because of the Great Depression of the 1930s. There is a crime here that goes beyond denunciation, he wrote of the squalled camp. Eight different Hoovervilles were established in Seattle, Washington, with the largest one lasting from 1932 to 1941 and built on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. The houses were often installed with a small stove, bedding, and some cooking materials. Hoover also didn't think it would work and that a crisis such as this one would have to blow over on its own. The Depression was blamed on President Herbert Hoover, whom the town was named after as coined by Charles Michelson. Men, women, and children living in Hooverville either relied on public charities or begged for food from those who had permanent housing during the era. Write THREE true facts about this topic and ONE lie about this topic in the boxes below2. But residents rebuilt and the site remained occupied all the way through World War II. The Hooverville in Seattle was one of the few with detailed documentation. Hooverville shanties were constructed of cardboard, tar paper, glass, lumber, tin and whatever other materials people could salvage. [1] There were hundreds of Hoovervilles across the country during the 1930s.[2]. Request for removal of Interbay shacks (April 24, 1937) In 1938, Jackson wrote a short, vivid description of the community that we reproduce here. Longley, Robert. When disaster struck, Americans looked to their President for leadership and compassion, but Hoover seemed to be short on both counts. Definition and Summary of the Shantytowns and HoovervillesSummary and definition: The Shanty Towns, known as Hoovervilles, sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression (1929 - 1941). Many Hoovervilles were built along rivers, proving drinking water and allowing some residents to grow vegetables. Hoovervilles were large groups of simple, makeshift houses built by people who had nowhere else to live during the Great Depression. It was headed by the Commissioner of Health, the Superintendent of Buildings, the Chief of Police, and the Chief of the Fire Department, tasked to draft a plan on how to proceed with the elimination of Hooverville. Most of them did not find work. "; They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and was widely blamed for it. Tensions between destitute citizens and the Hoover administration climaxed in the spring of 1932 when thousands of World War I veterans and their families and friends set up a Hooverville on the banks of the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. It was a period of the global economic crisis that began with a significant drop in stock prices in the United States. The large camps were set up on the worst type of unused or public land often on the outskirts of towns and cities. Hooverville residents had nowhere else to go, and public sympathy, for the most part, was with them. According to Roy, there was tolerance and friendship among ethnic groups and nationalities because racial barriers did not exist. months[11] = "A vast range of highly informative and dependable articles have been produced by the Siteseen network of entertaining and educational websites. This sort of fatalism was especially apparent in the language that developed around the iconic representation of the Great Depression --the Hooverville. Historica Graphica Collection/Heritage Images/Getty Images. He believed this would represent a philosophical shift in what the government was supposed to be for--namely, to ensure a level playing field for economic opportunity, but not to regulate or take over the functions of the market. He described the population as fluid in 1938, owing to men selling their homes to newcomers and moving on. Check out the Siteseen network of educational websites. Trade your paper with a Partner. Some of the men who were forced to live in these conditions possessed construction skills, and were able to build their houses out of stone. Twelve million Americans, about 25% of the normal labor force, were out of work and many suffered poverty, deprivation and homelessness. He offers fascinating observations about social mores and culture of the community, including the easy racial relations and tolerance of homosexuality. The peak of the Great Depression was from 1932 to 1933. Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. 10 Facts About the Great Depression. Whenever possible, Hoovervilles were built near creeks, streams, and rivers to provide a source of water. Inside Hoovervilles were houses called shanties . 'Hooverville' was the nickname for any variety of makeshift shelters for homeless people, mostly victims of the Great Depression from 1929 to 1941. Encampments and shantytowns often referred to as tent citieswith similarities to Hoovervillesbegan appearing in parts of California, Arizona, Tennessee, Florida, Washington and other states. [2] Jesse Jackson, "The Story of Seattle's Hooverville," in Calvin F. Schmid, Social Trends in Seattle (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1944), 286-93. A look at how people lived, especially in the makeshift dwellings they constructed, gives a better sense of this, as does an understanding of the bitter humor behind the naming of these dwellings, known as 'Hoovervilles'. Exhibit B: Location and Number of Shacks (March 5, 1941) In Washington, the Unemployed Citizen's League and its newspaper, The Vanguard, gained the state Communists a broad appeal, and integrated the unemployed into the state's radical reform coalitions. When Roosevelt took office in 1933, he acted swiftly to stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief read more, The Stock Market Crash of 1929 occurred on October 29, 1929, when Wall Street investors traded some 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. No two In some cases, unemployed skilled construction workers used stones and bricks from demolished buildings to build fairly solid houses. Definition, Examples, Pros and Cons. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. To find out more, see our cookie policy. Shanty towns built during the Great Depression, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Life in Hooverville- Photos of inside the shanty towns of the Great Depression", "Streetscapes: Central Park's 'Hooverville'; Life Along 'Depression Street', "Why Listen to the Substitute? However, Hoovervilles were typically grim and unsanitary. A request from the city was that women and children would not be allowed to live in the shantytown. If you reference any of the content on this page on your own website, please use the code below to cite this page as the original source. After hosting several homeless settlements, the reservoir was dubbed the Hoover Valley and Depression Street. Home Facts Privacy About Blog Contact Terms. Not ready to purchase a subscription? In the aftermath of that event, sometimes read more. Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. Some claim to have been made up of men, women, and children, while others claim to only have had men. [2] Donald Francis Roy, a citizen of Seattles Hooverville, took detailed recordings of the population during his time there. It stood for ten years, 1931 to 1941. Mark has a Ph.D in Social Science Education. Petition for community bath houses in Hooverville (May 15, 1935) var current_date = new Date(); month_value = current_date.getMonth(); day_value = current_date.getDate(); year_value = current_date.getFullYear(); document.write( months[month_value] ); was the 31st American President who served in office from March 4, 1929 to March 4, 1933. READ MORE:Life for the Average Family During the Great Depression, In addition to the term Hooverville, President Hoovers name was used derisively in other ways during the Great Depression. Pre-K - K; 1 - 2; 3 - 5; . Among the hundreds of Hoovervilles across the U.S. during the 1930s were those in: Hoovervilles have often featured in popular culture, and still appear in editorial cartoons. Residents of the previous Hooverville in Tacoma rebuilt homes on the same site they occupied throughout. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. By 1932, between one and two million American people were homeless. The suffering in the Great Depression, from 1929 to 1941, is hard for modern Americans to wrap their minds around. Roy found the relaxed social atmosphere remarkable, describing "an ethnic rainbow" where men of many colors intermingled "in shabby comraderie. Hooverville served as a home for different nationalities and ethnicities. The makeshift shacks were constructed from unwanted materials and lacked basic amenities such as adequate sanitation and clean drinking water. In late 1935, the city Health Department estimated that 4,000 to 5,000 people were living in the various shacktowns. For example, in New York City, encampments sprang up along the Hudson and East rivers. When Congress refused payment and the veterans refused to leave, President Hoover sent in the army under the direction of Chief of Staff Douglas MacArthur; the riot scene that followed included tear gas, bayonets, and tanks, and resulted in the burning of large parts of the Bonus Army's Hooverville as well as several deaths. "; "Hoovervilles" were hundreds of crude campgrounds built across the United States by poverty stricken people who had lost their homes because of the Great Depression of the 1930s. Many felt that the government had to help those who lost work in the 1930s. The term 'Hooverville' probably originated with Charles Michelson, who was a newspaper reporter and, in 1930, the publicity director for the Democratic National Party. Inhabitants living in the primitive conditions of the shantytowns were subject to many health problems. Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. Reasons for Homelessness: Homeowners lost their houses when they could not pay mortgages or pay taxes. The numbers obviously varied, but the biggest Hooverville in Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington served as the home to 1200 people. It is a city built on hills and around water, in a mild marine climate that encourages prolific . See the fact file below for more information on the Hoovervilles, or alternatively, you can download our 20-page Hooverville worksheet pack to utilize within the classroom or home environment. "; All the Hoovervilles were 'eradicated' at the end of the Great Depression in 1941. which contrasted the prosperity of the previous decade with the current crisis. The nickname 'Hooverville' was given to the shanty towns that sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); By 1932, between one and two million American people were homeless. Herbert Hoover was a rising star of American politics when he won the presidential election of 1928. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. The state described as 'absolute poverty' has been described as "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information". A Hooverville near Portland, Oregon. By the middle of 1941, Roosevelts New Deal programs had increased employment to the point that all but a few Hoovervilles had been abandoned and demolished. Because of the lack of government, it took a lot of work. Excerpt from "Seattle's Hooverville" by Leslie D. Erb (1935), [1] Donald Francis Roy, "Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle," (M.A. This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 00:48. Interesting Facts About Hoovervilles During the Great Depression The Bonus Army of veterans built a large Hooverville in Washington D.C. that housed around 15,000 people. Hooverville was the popular name attributed to shanty towns that sprung up throughout the United States during the Great Depression. Will Work ForAnything. [9], Regardless of the gender of the residents, Hoovervilles served as a common ground for many different nationalities and ethnicities. Built with all over the world Copyright 19992023This site uses cookies to improve your experience. Next: Unemployed Citizens League and Poverty Activism. What were Hoovervilles during the Great Depression? The term Hooverville itself is a partisan political attack on Herbert Hoover, who was the President of the United States at the time. He had first achieved fame during World War I when he ran the U.S. Food Administration, and his managerial skills, relentless work ethic, and ability to feed both the troops and the homefront simultaneously won him enormous praise. These communities of shacks or shanties were called Hoovervilles, after President Hoover, who refused to help the growing number of homeless. Follow the Great Depression Project/ Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project on Facebook. Including the veterans, their families, and other supporters, the crowd of protesters eventually grew to nearly 45,000 people. A survey located 1687 shacks in five substantial colonies and many smaller ones. Summary and Definition: The Shanty Towns, known as Hoovervilles, sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression (1929 - 1941). He explained that the population was fluid, as men sold their shacks to newcomers and moved on, and at its maximum during the winter months when it reached as hight as 1,200. One of the most famous ways in which people migrated during the timeframe of the Great Depression was by 'riding the rails' on trains. Small camps and sites in towns sprang up in any available space. Click to download the free sample version, Hooverville was a small town founded by homeless people in the. A structured government ran Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, and extensive documentation was collected. It began with the United States stock market crash of 1929, and didn't completely end until after . [6], After 1940, the economy recovered, unemployment fell, and shanty housing eradication programs destroyed all the Hoovervilles. The largest Hooverville, located in St. Louis, Missouri, was home to as many as 8,000 homeless people from 1930 to 1936. Trench Warfare in WWI: History & Facts | What is Trench Warfare? The Tacoma Fire Department burned down fifty small houses in May 1942 after Seattle destroyed Hooverville. Browse hooverville resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources. Some shelters were little more than holes in the ground covered with tin or cardboard. St. Louis, Missouri, and Seattle, Washington, were home to two of the countrys largest and longest-standing Hoovervilles. Whenever possible, Hoovervilles were built near rivers for the convenience of a water source. "Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression." Central Park Hooverville with Central Park West in the Background in 1932. Did you know? months[6] = "Uncover a wealth of facts and information on a variety of subjects produced by the Siteseen network. Sign Me Up. The Great Depression caused social upheaval and political unrest. While the goal of the tariffs was to protect U.S.-made products from foreign competition, most countries retaliated by raising their tariffs on U.S. goods. Other Hoovervilles also developed: one on the side of Beacon Hill where today I-5 passes; one in the Interbay area next to where the city used to dump its garbage; and two others along 6th Avenue in South Seattle. 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We spend less time wondering what we'd do if we lost it all and had to make do with virtually nothing. More often than not, Hoovervilles were tolerated. Anyone who has seen the famous old Civil War movie ' Gone with the Wind' might remember the Shanty Town on the outskirts of Atlanta, Georgia that was occupied by freed slaves and poor whites. Hoovervilles began to disappear after the election of Franklin Roosevelt, whose New Deal promised to put the federal government into activist mode to try to end the Great Depression. Covering nine acres of public land, it housed a population of up to 1,200, claimed its own community government including an unofficial mayor, and enjoyed the protection of leftwing groups and sympathetic public officials Hundreds of Hooverville settlements were built across the United States, but some stood out. Facts about Shantytowns and HoovervillesThe following fact sheet contains interesting facts and information on Shantytowns and Hoovervilles. Brief History of Seattle. When the government failed to provide relief, President Herbert Hoover was blamed for the intolerable economic and social conditions, so the shantytowns that cropped up became known as Hoovervilles. months[4] = "Locate all of the popular, fast and interesting websites uniquely created and produced by the Siteseen network. Back to History for Kids. Usually built on vacant land, the camps were largely tolerated by city authorities. A 'Hooverville' on waterfront of Seattle, Washington, March 1933. Inadequate sanitation, lack of clean drinking water and poor nutrition lead to a variety of diseases and illnesses such as tuberculosis, diphtheria, diarrhea, rickets, influenza, pneumonia and skin diseases. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Exhibt A: Map of Number and Distribution of Shacks (March 5, 1941) The homeless clustered in shanty towns close to free soup kitchens. For webquest or practice, print a copy of this quiz at the Great Depression - Hoovervilles webquest print page. ThoughtCo. They posed health risks to their inhabitants as well as to those living nearby, but there was little that local governments or health agencies could do. The camps, dubbed Hoovervilles after Republican President Hoover, often sprang up near charity operated soup kitchens and rivers for drinking water and limited sanitary needs. Trade policies made the Great Depression worse. As their investments lost value, people soon depleted their savings. Democrats coined many terms based on opinions of Herbert Hoover[5] such as "Hoover blanket" (old newspaper used as blanketing). Life in the encampments remained best described as grim. The Seattle Hooverville covered nine acres of land on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. As the Great Depression worsened, so too did people's moods. These are ready-to-use Hooverville worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about Hooverville, which was a small town founded by homeless people in the United States during the Great Depression. For one thing, Hoover was a believer in the power of the free market and in the value of perseverance. No two Hoovervilles were quite alike, and the camps varied in population and size. Rebuilt homes on the outskirts of towns and cities and interesting websites uniquely and... By passing quizzes and exams goes beyond denunciation, he wrote of population... Have had men facts about hoovervilles by people in the 1930s. [ 2 ] in cases! Large groups of simple, makeshift houses built by people in the covered! To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member to download the free sample version Hooverville! Your experience progress by passing quizzes and exams country during the 1930s. [ 2 ] work and that crisis! Teachers pay Teachers, a citizen of Seattles Hooverville, located in St.,! 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