\quad\text{Total Revenues}&& \$16,120,000\\ A man could divorce his wife should she commit adultery but a woman could not divorce her husband on grounds of adultery. Many prominent African American abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass were members of the Society. Many Americans viewed drunkenness as a major national problem, and the battle against alcohol and the many problems associated . \text{Other Current Liabilities}& 460,000 &200,000\\ )%2F13%253A_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform%2F13.01%253A_Religious_Reforms_in_the_Antebellum_United_States, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 13.2: Cultural Movements- Transcendentalism, Utopian Communities, and the Cult of Domesticity, Second Great Awakening in the South and in Appalachia, Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter, source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. A woman could not have a personal bank account (In England until the 1960s, a woman could only have a joint bank account with her husband. Tax-supported state school systems open to all children. \text{Depreciation of Plant and Equipment and Amortization}\\ "gentlemen of property and standing" (p. 453). Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Do not delete this text first. Antebellum reform was international in scope . One of the defining characteristics of the Second Great Awakening was large gatherings at religious revivals. Black and white abolitionists often had different agendas by the 1840s, and certainly in the 1850s. Many of the congregants were literate, including Vesey himself. In the early nineteenth century, the United States was becoming a more diverse nation; the new varieties of Protestantism were one reflection of this change. \text{Total Current Liabilities}& \$ 2,430,000 &\$ 1,800,000\\ Consider the following sample data. Before the nineteenth century, crime, poverty, and mental illness in America were handled through family and voluntary efforts. Channings 1819 Unitarian Christianity sermon, which outlined many of the core beliefs of the new American sect, such as a belief in human goodness and rejection of the Trinity, inspired many churches to adopt Unitarianism. Many kinds of Americans worked in the reform movement, and membership in some movements overlapped. The Antebellum Era was the first of four major reform periods in American history. These preachers travelled to the most remote areas, such as the Appalachian region, preaching to individuals, families, and communities. Women joined and actively participated in abolitionist organizations such as the Anti-Slavery Society; they sponsored events such as the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women. The temperance movement stemmed in part from new social conditions such as increasing urbanization immigration. The abolitionist sentiment was also present in the South. Soon after, the movement disintegrated. Determined to make abolitionism a political movement, the seceders formed the Liberty Party, which nominated James G. Birney as its candidate for president. \text{Retained Earnings}& 5,000,000 &2,800,000\\ The most successful denominations of the Second Great Awakening were the Methodist and Baptist churches. Dr. William Ellery Channing, one of the leading preachers and theologians of the Unitarian Church, preached on the great potential of humans. -The Owenites originated in Britain and that practice made its way to Indiana, which makes it international in scope because it aimed to spread the ideas of this society around the world. These movements were generally more active in the Northern states. For example, Virginia passed legislation making it illegal to teach slaves, free blacks, or mulattoes to read or write. \text{Net Income}&& \$ 4,400,000\\ The account spoke at length of Turners religiously informed views of slavery and of his interpretations of the Bible. Unlike the prevailing message of the Second Great Awakening in the Burned-Over district, the Mormon church was extremely patriarchial; women could achieve salvation only through obedience and submission to their husbands. He planned his revivals in great detail as a kind of popular spectacle as well as an event that inspired religious reform. In the 19th Century's Antebellum Era, Americans began several social reform movements influenced by transcendentalism and the Second Great Awakening. \text{Rent Received in Advance}& 50,000& \\ Evangelical Christianity was certainly the most powerful religious movement in the antebellum United States, but it was not the only one. There were still moments and events that made many Americans think that there was a lot of value in slavery in terms of free labor. The response to these conditions was the 1826 creation of the American Temperance Society in Boston, Massachusetts. At the same time, the Second Great Awaking stressed the notion of personal responsibility and the responsibility of a person to the sins of neighbors. Seneca Falls Convention, 1848. Throughout New England, many Christians began to espouse Unitarianism, a sect based on the importance of human reason. Perhaps unsurprisingly, as the message changed to reflect the prevailing ideas of the elite, the movement became more popular in the South as slave owners not only attended meetings themselves, but allowed and even encouraged the attendance of the slave population. Throughout the South, slaves attended camp meetings. 2. \quad\text{Total Property, Plant, and Equipment}& \$10,000,000 &\$ 9,400,000\\ In his revival meetings, which were held nightly for a week or more, Finney prayed for the conversion of sinners by name in each community and called sinners down to the anxious bench, where those who were considering conversion were prayed for and where sinners were exhorted to confess and seek forgiveness. \text{Building}& 4,000,000 &4,000,000\\ Moreover, her reports on jails also aided in the efforts to reform prisons. One of the defining characteristics of the Second Great Awakening was large gatherings at religious revivals. Douglass was perhaps the most famous, influential, and vocal black abolitionist. These communities differed greatly in structure and motivation. Yet for the slave and free black communities, the movements message inspired several rebellions as a call to freedom. Often, white abolitionists knowingly or unknowingly exploited stereotypes in their abolitionist efforts. North and South white Americans want to colonization the African American slaves, it was response to for making African Americans slaves. The abolitionist emblem - a portrait of a slave in chains coupled with the motto "Am I Not a Man and a Brother?" We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. d. 12.0012.0012.00 The result was the creation of penitentiaries, which sought to transform criminals into law abiding citizens through hard work, religious instruction, and isolation from the corruption of social vices. Many southerners feared an uprising from within by the abolitionists. The new evangelical denominations of the Second Great Awakening did not require the same kinds of rigorous education as older sects did; rather, it was far more important for a spiritual leader to experience a personal conversion and feel a call to spread the message. Slower A lot of the slaves that was born in the America have never even been to Africa. Antebellum Reform Americans after 1815 embraced many religios and social movements in pursuit of solutions for the problems, evils, and misfortunes of mankind. Two of the most significant reform movements to come out of the reform period of 1820-1840 were the anti-slavery movement and the women's rights movement. The plot was foiled when word of the conspirators plans were leaked; Vesey and thirty-four others were hanged, and thirty-seven more were exiled from the city as a result. Throughout the country, preachers like Peter Cartwright and Charles Grandison Finney created such excitement with their sermons that their audiences became excessive and downright wild. All true Christians, according to Finney, should aim at being holy and not rest satisfied till they are as perfect as God. The religious music and hymns written during the era also helped draw crowds to the revivals; they appealed the common individual by using familiar melodies from popular music and featured folk instruments that many could play, such as the fiddle. Afterward, the rebels would flee to the newly-freed nation of Haiti. \textbf{Investments}\\ This page titled 13.1: Religious Reforms in the Antebellum United States is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter (GALILEO Open Learning Materials) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. a. Preachers and believers all over the country saw humankind and society as good and perfectible, able to improve and strive to become more like God. The Second Great Awakening manifested itself somewhat differently regionally. The womens rights movement did not attract broad support among women or men during the antebellum era. Mainly, it had drastically weakened the ties that bound . Turner was a literate, deeply religious man born into slavery in Southampton County, Virginia. This led to a women's movement that would run side by side with the abolition movement for equal rights among all people that live in the United States. Some, like Garrison, favored fiery calls and no moderation; at a rally in 1854, Garrison asserted that there could be no union with slaveholders and called the U.S. Constitution as the document that perpetuated slavery a covenant with death and an agreement with Hell. Others were convinced that their best strategy was to convince the public that slavery was a sin. Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. \quad\text{Dividends on Common Shares}&& (2,080,000)\\ Evangelical churches became tightlyknit communities that sought to transform society first as a force that determined and enforced values, morality, and conduct, and second, by outreach through moral reform societies that concentrated on reforming personal vices such as drinking, sexual misconduct, and gambling. In part, this was achieved by a certain theatricality of preaching. Both were popularly-rooted movements that emphasized conversion and a spiritual rebirth through personal religious experiences. The colonizationist scheme of the early 1800s proved to be popular among black abolitionists. By the 1820s, the Methodist and Baptist churches were the largest evangelical denominations. Others worked to make basic education available to all or sought to improve conditions in prisons and asylums. What is your opinion on this question: "Should the national government distribute money to states with "no strings attached," or should the grant have stipulations?" \text{Goodwill}& 1,125,000& 1,125,000\\ \text{Hutchinson Company (25\\\% Owned)} &175,000 &100,000\\ They worked tirelessly to promote the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice for all. The early message also empowered African Americans, free and enslaved. \text{Advances from Customers}& 640,000 &660,000\\ Abolitionism was perhaps the most radical of the reform movements of the era. The Seneca Falls Convention was an important beginning to the womens rights movement and became the basis for the organization of annual conventions to support and develop the movement in years to come. The region of western and central New York where Finney was most active became the site of intensive religious fervor and reform. Why? In the spirit of the Enlightenment, Unitarians held that theological ideology should be subject to rational thought and reason; Channing preached that my rational nature is from God. Unitarians attested to the oneness of God. As strict monotheists, Unitarians viewed Jesus as a saintly man, but not divine. Over the next fifteen years, Smith and his followers migrated westward, from New York to Ohio, and then on to Missouri and ultimately to Utah under the direction of Brigham Young, seeking a place to establish a pure kingdom of Christ in America. Others sought to build and improve public and state institutions such as prisons, asylums, and schools. Simplify!"; and the minister Theodore Parker's close association with the radical abolitionist John Brown. William Miller, a Baptist convert and editor of the Advent Herald, preached that October 22, 1844 would be the date of the Second Coming, basing his predictions on Biblical prophecy. Although black and white abolitionists worked closely together in the movement and usually worked well together, African Americans experienced racial prejudice even within the abolitionist movement. The creation of asylums, for criminals and for the mentally ill, was society's reaction to the overcrowded and inhumane state that . In 1823, Smith recounted that an angel named Moroni had visited him. One of the most prominent abolitionists of the era was William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator. TEMPERANCE. Moral reform groups promoted temperance, or abstinence from alcohol. During the 1830s and 1840s, Americans embarked on a program of institution building - jails for criminals, poorhouses for the destitute, asylums for the insane, and orphanages for children without families. ASSETSCurrentAssetsCashCertificateofDepositAccountsReceivable(NetofEstimatedUncollectiblesof$100,000in2012and$160,000in2013)MerchandiseInventoryPrepaymentsTotalCurrentAssetsInvestmentsChicagoFinanceCorporation(40%Owned)RosenwaldCompany(50%Owned)HutchinsonCompany(25%Owned)TotalInvestmentsProperty,Plant,andEquipmentLandBuildingMachineryandEquipmentPropertyRightsAcquiredUnderLeaseTotalLessAccumulatedDepreciationandAmortizationTotalProperty,Plant,andEquipmentIntangibles(atNetCarryingValue)PatentGoodwillTotalIntangiblesTotalAssetsLIABILITIESANDSHAREHOLDERSEQUITYCurrentLiabilitiesAccountsPayableAdvancesfromCustomersSalariesPayableIncomeTaxesPayableRentReceivedinAdvanceOtherCurrentLiabilitiesTotalCurrentLiabilitiesLong-TermDebtBondsPayableEquipmentMortgageIndebtednessCapitalizedLeaseObligationTotalLong-TermDebtDeferredTaxLiabilityShareholdersEquityConvertiblePreferredStockCommonStockAdditionalPaid-InCapitalRetainedEarningsTotalLessCostofTreasurySharesTotalShareholdersEquityTotalLiabilitiesandShareholdersEquity$100,000225,000600,0001,800,000200,000$2,925,000$4,000,0001,025,000175,000$5,200,000$500,0004,000,0008,000,0001,500,000$14,000,000(4,000,000)$10,000,000$750,0001,125,000$1,875,000$20,000,000$550,000640,000300,000430,00050,000460,000$2,430,000$3,648,000332,0001,020,000$5,000,000$1,570,000$2,000,0002,000,0003,000,0005,000,000$12,000,000(1,000,000)$11,000,000$20,000,000$200,000500,0001,500,000200,000$2,400,000$2,200,000900,000100,000$3,200,000$400,0004,000,0007,300,0001,500,000$13,200,000(3,800,000)$9,400,000$875,0001,125,000$2,000,000$17,000,000$400,000660,000240,000300,000200,000$1,800,000$3,600,0001,300,0001,100,000$6,000,000$1,400,000$2,000,0002,000,0002,400,0002,800,000$9,200,000(1,400,000)$7,800,000$17,000,000. This experience empowered many women, who were encouraged to speak out, show devotion, and express themselves as spiritual equals. Mobs disrupted abolitionist meetings in northern cities. \text{Accounts Payable}& \$ 550,000 &\$ 400,000\\ Indeed, many slave owners feared the message of spiritual equality, so they kept the evangelists out. Unitarians stressed the inherent goodness of humankind. December 31 Because it was generally inclusive of everyone, the message was spread to men and women, to rich and poor, and among slaves and free blacks alike. \text{Less: Dividends on Preferred Shares}&&(120,000)\\ No Preference As a result, some African American congregants left the evangelical churches because of racial discrimination or because they were barred from leadership positions within the church and founded their own evangelical denominations, such as the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church. What is the difference between the waterfall approach and agile project management? The Unitarian movement spread through many of the Congregationalist churches of the area. In particular, English abolitionists were outspoken and powerful in effecting change in the British global empire. By the 1790s, these two churches were gaining great popularity in the United States. For many, religious revivals, popularly called camp meetings, were their first real experience with organized religion. The supporters and opponents of temperance understood the meaning of freedom differently because they believed that banning of alcoholic beverages would eliminate a number of problems in the U.S. Also, the opportunity to increase to compete for economic gain and individual self-improvement. Generally, the evangelical movement changed over time and became more limiting and conservative in their views of race and gender. Many mentally ill individuals eventually ended up imprisoned as well, as no facilities for the treatment of the mentally ill existed. (Problem 10), REVENUESSales$13,920,000GainonSaleofMachineryandEquipment200,000EquityinEarningsofAffiliates:ChicagoFinanceCorporation$1,800,000RosenwaldCompany125,000HutchinsonCompany75,0002,000,000TotalRevenues$16,120,000EXPENSESCostofGoodsSold$5,000,000EmployeePayrollExpense3,000,000DepreciationofPlantandEquipmentandAmortizationofLeasedPropertyRights1,000,000AmortizationofPatent125,000BadDebtExpense120,000InterestExpense455,000GeneralCorporateExpenses420,000IncomeTaxesCurrent1,430,000IncomeTaxesDeferred170,000TotalExpenses$11,720,000NetIncome$4,400,000Less:DividendsonPreferredShares(120,000)DividendsonCommonShares(2,080,000)IncreaseinRetainedEarnings$2,200,000RetainedEarnings,December31,20122,800,000RetainedEarnings,December31,2013$5,000,000BasicEarningsperCommonShare(Basedon1,600,000AverageSharesOutstanding)$2.68DilutedEarningsperShare(AssumingConversionofPreferredStock)$2.20\begin{array}{lrr} \quad\text{Total Intangibles}& \$ 1,875,000 &\$ 2,000,000\\ Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, was a key leader of this society who often spoke at its meetings. "The Antebellum reforms was a new, more radical anti-slavery movement that emerged by the early 1830s. 1. The movements shared a common support base: many abolitionists supported or were active in the womens rights movement, or vice versa. The earliest womens colleges were founded in the 1830s: the Georgia Female College in Macon, Georgia (now Wesleyan College), founded in 1836, and Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, Massachusetts (Now Mount Holyoke College), founded in 1837. In many ways, the organized womens rights movement grew out of abolitionist organizations and the movement of the early 1800s. Reformers argued that education prepares youth for social and civic duties as adults. By 1850, about 3.2 million slaves labored in the United States, 1.8 million of whom worked in the cotton fields. Source for information on Antebellum Convention Movement . In the South, the Second Great Awakening fomented rebellion in the slave community. The influence of reason and rational thought is most clearly expressed in what religious tradition? The end of slavery would come about gradually under this ideal. Preachers of the revival movement preached the equality of all before God but generally did not challenge the institution of slavery in much of the South. REVENUESSalesGainonSaleofMachineryandEquipmentEquityinEarningsofAffiliates:ChicagoFinanceCorporationRosenwaldCompanyHutchinsonCompanyTotalRevenuesEXPENSESCostofGoodsSoldEmployeePayrollExpenseDepreciationofPlantandEquipmentandAmortizationofLeasedPropertyRightsBadDebtExpenseInterestExpenseGeneralCorporateExpensesIncomeTaxesCurrentIncomeTaxesDeferredTotalExpensesNetIncomeLess:DividendsonPreferredSharesDividendsonCommonSharesIncreaseinRetainedEarningsRetainedEarnings,December31,2012RetainedEarnings,December31,2013BasicEarningsperCommonShare(Basedon1,600,000AverageSharesOutstanding)DilutedEarningsperShare(AssumingConversionofPreferredStock)$1,800,000125,00075,000$13,920,000200,0002,000,000$16,120,000$5,000,0003,000,0001,000,000AmortizationofPatent120,000455,000420,0001,430,000170,000$11,720,000$4,400,000(120,000)(2,080,000)$2,200,0002,800,000$5,000,000$2.68$2.20125,000, Chicago Corporation \text{Patent}& \$ 750,000 &\$ 875,000\\ Dubbed by historians, one of 100 or so reform communities that were established before the Civil War. The first and foremost of these goals was achieving the right to vote as an inalienable right of full, republican citizenship. Preferred Pace of Life Religious reformers preached that individuals were responsible to seek out their own salvation and hoped to regenerate and perfect society through individual conversions. Everyone was eligible for salvation, and a loving God embraced all. The antebellum period (or era before the Civil War) was a time of social and moral reform. In the first issue of the Liberator, he made a public apology for ever advocating a gradual end to slavery and called for its immediate end. What is its accounts receivable turnover? The Mayflower carried barrels upon barrels of beer for its passengers. This message of freedom was most clearly expressed in its associations with slave rebellions. The Second Great Awakening swept through most of the country, but it took differing forms in the North and the South. The first, in which . After the rebellion, white authorities took measures to limit the threat of literate black congregations to the institution of slavery throughout the South. \quad\text{Hutchinson Company}& 75,000 &2,000,000\\ 30.4130.4130.41 However, abolitionism developed significantly over the 1800s. Debtors were punished by imprisonment. Meanwhile, many doctors were citing large amounts of alcohol as injurious to an individuals health. The movement began in the 1830s and revealed the growing consensus among northern free blacks on the importance of moral reform. Evangelical in nature, it stressed that salvation was available to all through free will. But Transcendentalism had many more participants whose interests ranged across the spectrum of antebellum reform. b. In the north, the Second Great Awakenings message and movement was just as powerful as in the South, and perhaps even more so. The early nineteenth century was a time of great reform in the United States. For most, this meant a few months of schooling a year in a one-room rural schoolhouse. The Society grew quickly and soon had spread across the country. What were the aims of prisons, asylums, and other institutions in this period of social Saw both individuals and society at large as capable of indefinite improvement. \quad\text{Total Liabilities and Shareholders Equity}& \$20,000,000 &\$17,000,000\\ The majority of the members of the Society favored including women in the governing structure of the organization; the more conservative members broke away from the Anti-Slave Society to form the American and Foreign Anti-Slave Society, which excluded women. The basic message was that salvation was something anyone could achieve: ordinary people could choose salvation through personal experience and living a righteous life. These include: 1. - moral suasion through speeches and literature. For the most part, it appealed to the elite of society. 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