Nevertheless, Henry managed to recruit many able sea captains to go on his venture. Although hostilities ended for a time, by 1551 the German princes had found another ally in the new king of France, Henry II (see "France" section previously in this chapter). Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Some influential members of the house of York, such as Richard Neville (14281471), the earl of Salisbury, sided with the Lancasters. Nearly three months after the battle, Geoffrey Felton, secretary for Ireland, went walking on the coast of Sligo Bay. But Corts wanted more treasures, and over the next two years he massacred the Aztec, finally destroying Tenochtitln in 1521. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. At the same time, the Portuguese were establishing a colonial presence in Brazil, the easternmost part of the South American continent. Unable to capture Paris by force, Henry embraced Catholicism in 1593 and entered the city peacefully the following year. AEthelflaed. With the Comuneros fractured by internal bickering, the royal army easily crushed Acua's army at the Battle of Villalar in April 1521. Pope Clement VII joined Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England in the League of Co gnac, an alliance against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. England was still a Catholic country and the pope's consent was required before Henry could get a divorce. . The old and brutal duke was again successful, and the vast dominions of Portugal fell into Philip's hands. He made three more voyages to the "Indies" (in 1493, 1498, and 1502) to confirm his theory and to colonize the islands he had already explored. Among the reforms they demanded were simplified services, less elaborate church music, simpler vestments (robes worn by clergymen), and more preaching. At the top were kings, who owned the land. After Elizabeth reluctantly signed the death warrant, Essex was executed. English settlers made three failed attempts to start a colony at Roanoke, an island off the coast of Virginia. Royal Family of Norway. In 1487, when he was named grand inquisitor (supreme head of the court), he set out to rid Spain of "converts" who did not actually practice Christianity. Philip was convinced, however, that God had chosen him for a special mission to defend the Catholic faith. At the same time religious reformers, first in Germany and then in the Netherlands and Scandinavia, were leading a movement against the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. The English made three assaults on the Spanish, but they did not inflict any serious damage. Tons of silver from the mines of Potosi as well as Mexican and Peruvian gold and gems were streaming into Spanish ports aboard giant galleons (the large, heavy ships used by Spain). Francia: French National Day is on July 14 in order to coincide with which historical event? In one year alone, Francis had spent 5.5 million livres (the French unit of currency at that time) on the war. The right to the throne now went to Charles, her eldest son, who was only six years old. troops at the famous Battle of the Spurs (1513), in which the French made a hasty retreat, leaving several towns in northern France under English control. He was married to the English princess Philippa of Lancaster. In the south, the Italian peninsula was turned into a battleground. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. During the wars, both France and Spain formed complex political alliancesin fact, they were even fighting on the same side at one point. In the 1860s, the Kingdom of Prussia, led by Kaiser Wilhelm I and his prime minister, Otto von Bismarck, initiated a series of conflicts designed to unite the German states under their influence. This move shocked and offended most Christians in Europe, even many of Francis's longtime supporters. Like his father, he was a devout Catholic, yet he lacked Philip II's intelligence and commitment to work. Almost from the beginning, things went wrong with the complicated Spanish plan. Shortly after becoming king, Henry enacted a pro-Spanish and anti-French policy. Arresting two rebel leaders, Lamoral, count of Egmont (15221568), and Philip de Montmorency, count of Hoorn (c. 15181568), Alba established the Council of Troubles. The Italian Wars began in 1494, when Charles was asked by the Sforzas, the family that ruled the city-state of Milan, to join them and Swiss mercenaries in seizing Florence from the Medici family (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). The stage was set for what was then, and is perhaps still, the greatest ocean voyage ever accomplished: the circumnavigation of the globe. Only eight Portuguese were killed. quest for new territories and markets in the East (see "The age of European exploration" section later in this chapter). https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain, "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain "Converted" Muslims who still practiced Islam were called Moriscos. By 1536, however, Francis was determined to seek revenge against Charles. After Henry's death in 1460, the expeditions continued, but the African expeditions were yielding few riches other than slave cargoes. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Tudors reigned over the English Renaissance. Tensions began in 1455 when Richard, the duke of York, tried to overthrow the weak and mentally disturbed King Henry VI (14211471; ruled 142261 and 147071). . He also increased his power in Languedoc and Toulouse in the south. The policy of the French monarchy was to suppress Protestantism at home while supporting it abroad as a counterbalance to Habsburg power. The war between Spain and France continued until 1559, when Italy was placed under Habsburg rule by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis. Also in search of the Northwest Passage was French navigator Jacques Cartier (14911557). Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. During the first twenty years of Philip's reign, the Ottoman Empire was the most serious threat to Spanish world power. In 1563 and 1565, Philip's troops managed to repel Turkish attacks on Oran, a port city in Algeria, and on the island of Malta, a Spanish stronghold in the Mediterranean near Sicily. 22 Feb. 2023 . Although it was a long and difficult journey across the entire Asian They wanted to seek him out so they could join forces with him and convert the "lost souls" of Asia and Africa. In transforming the Bourbon kingdom into a constitutional state, the French Revolution aroused intense excitement east of the Rhine. Frederick was married to James's daughter Elizabeth. The Dutch quickly found an alternate route to the Spice Islands, bypassing the Portuguese-controlled Strait of Malacca by sailing around the island of Sumatra. timer. Both Katherine Half of the Armada was lost and so was Philip's dream of making England into a Catholic province. To take on his duties as emperor Charles had to move to Aachen, Germany. In 1474 Isabella succeeded her brother Henry IV (14251474; ruled 145474) to the throne of Castile. King John II of Portugal therefore decided to have his captains circumnavigate (sail around) the African continent and reach India by way of the ocean. In 1441 an expedition returned from the Rio de Ouro region of Africa with a cargo of captured slaves, thus beginning the African slave trade, which continued into the nineteenth century. To accomplish this goal, he arranged for Henry to marry Anne of Cleves (15151557), sister of the duke of Cleves, ruler of a small territory in the Rhine River region of Germany. For more than a decade Henry and Catherine were happy together. Jews became highly influential in Spain from the tenth through the twelfth centuries, a period that is often called the "Golden Age" of Jewish history. Cao Cao rise of kingdoms . The troubled young man was finally locked away in a tower, where he went on a series of hunger strikes and died later in the year. They were at once the lay face of the church, the spiritual heart of civic government, and the social kin who claimed the allegiance of peers and the obedience of subordinates. At first all went well for Francis. Finally, Henry acted on advice from his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell (c. 14851540), and simply announced that the pope had no authority in England. The Christians were trying to recapture the Holy Land (called Palestine at the time; the territory is now in parts of Israel, Jordan, and Egypt), which they considered sacred because it was the place where Jesus of Nazareth founded Christianity. At the end of the tenth century, Hugh Capet (c. 938996; ruled 98796) founded the line of French kings that ruled the country for the next eight hundred years. In 1489 Charles VIII was offered the crown of Naples by Pope Innocent VIII (14321492; reigned 148492). Most settled in North Africa, while others went to Turkey, France, and Italy. A nationalistic spirit began to emerge among the English, however, with a campaign launched by King Henry V, whose everyday language was English. Rise of Kingdoms is a mobile MMO real-time strategy game inspired by history. Shortly after the new monarchs reached Spain in 1506, Philip suddenly died. The result was absolute chaos, as leaders of states vied for more power and larger territories. At one time, the Holy Roman Empire had encompassed nearly all of Europe. Under feudalism, which was based on an agricultural economy, distinct social classes were dependent on one another through a complex system of pledging loyalty in exchange for goods and services. "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland, where she continued her opposition to the house of York. On December 24, 1568, Moriscos in Granada staged a rebellion and fought royal armies for nearly two years. Rise of Kingdoms' success story is a great example of this. The following year, after extensive manipulation by his Habsburg advisers, Charles was elected as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (he was not officially crowned until 1530). They established a line of strong monarchs that lasted for eight hundred years and elevated France to the status of a major power. 6,279 talking about this. It also extended south and west to include possessions in North Africa and the Americas. It was the first grammar school to provide rigorous instruction in the classical languages. The next king, Louis XI (14231483; ruled 146183), set France on a course that eventually destroyed the Then in 1513 Swiss troops inflicted a humiliating defeat on the French at Novara, a province in northwest Italy. The young boy learned the Spanish and Italian languages, and he spent his time reading mythology, history, and literature and admiring art. Among them were Drake, John Hawkins (15321595), and Martin Frobisher (c. 15351594). Hotels are a thing in Sri Lanka too and they come in many flavours. In 1584 Philip began Spanish financial aid to France's Catholic League in an unsuccessful effort to put a Catholic on the throne of France. and defeating England in the Hundred Years' War. By the mid-1500s, between 350,000 and 400,000 Moriscos were living in the Spanish provinces. Both Somerset and Warwick approved of further reform in the church. The problem with being a latecomer to world exploration and conquest was that most of the good lands were already occupied and defended by superior Spanish and Portuguese navies. James also supported settlement in the New World. The English colonies, especially in the South, would later establish a plantation economy, producing chiefly tobacco and cotton, that relied heavily on the use of African slaves. The forerunner to the European explorers was the Venetian traveler Marco Polo (12541324). The Waldensians were advocates of the views of Peter Waldo (also known as Pierre Valds; d. before 1218), an early French religious reformer who protested against corruption in the Catholic Church. Mary was a Catholic who had been driven from Scotland by Protestants. Ten years later, France declared bankruptcy (a lack of funds to pay bills). Renaissance ideas were still dominant in England when James died in 1625. Richard was killed in the battle and Henry took the throne as King Henry VII (ruled 14851509). Its significance goes far beyond its role in a few centuries in the European Middle Ages, however. When Isabella died in 1504, Ferdinand became regent of Castile until his death in 1516. Called Protector, Somerset virtually ruled England for several years, but he found it difficult to deal with several rebellions that broke out in 1549. He won a decisive victory at Agincourt (now Azincourt), a village in northern France, and instantly became a hero in England. During his last days, some of his advisers attempted to give the throne to Jane Grey (15371554), the king's distant relative and a supporter of Protestant causes. The Spaniards took 127 Ottoman ships and thousands of soldiers and seamen. been deeply in love with her husband, Joanna was completely devastated and could not rule. He improperly anchored the fleet, thus leaving an opening for a squadron of English fire ships to set the Armada ablaze. It was moderate in tonethat is, it did not reflect drastic changes from the Roman Catholic worship servicesbut a revision issued in 1552 was radically different. In 1526 he inherited the thrones of Hungary and Bohemia when the Ottoman Turks killed King Louis, the ruler of those provinces. Eventually feudalism (a term derived from the medieval Latin word feudum, meaning "fee") spread throughout Europe and served as a unifying institution for all aspects of life. Since 1066 the English had controlled rich agricultural areas in France, and the two countries had often fought over these territories. Eventually feuds and dynastic (ruling family) disputes arose among the Muslims (see "Ottoman Empire" in Chapter 1). In northern Italy, Spanish forces won victories against the French at Tournai, Lodi, Cremona, Genoa, and Alessandria. Some Jews, called Marranos, pretended to convert while secretly practicing Judaism (the Jewish religion). A second statute, passed in 1540, legalized these closures and mandated the seizing of all remaining property. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. He took complete control of Naples by 1504. The Muslims lived across the Strait of Gibraltar from Portugal, at the port city of Ceuta. The three main conflicts were the Edwardian War (134060), won by English king Edward III; the Caroline War (136989), won by French king Charles V (13371380; ruled 136480); and the Lancastrian War (141535), won by French king Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261). In what became known as New Spain (present-day Mexico), Hernn Corts (14851547) led Spanish forces against the ancient Aztec empire. An able but somewhat colorless ruler, Henry succeeded in establishing the position of his new dynasty, increasing the efficiency of the government, and enhancing the wealth of the monarchy. France during the eleventh and early twelfth centuries. John of Austria 11 unique nations and growing: You can choose to become either Rome, Germany, Britain, France, Spain, China, Japan, Korea, Arabia, Ottoman or Byzantium and start building your own city to become the most powerful one in the kingdom!Each nation has its own unique pros and cons. Francia. One of the most important events of Henry VIII's reign was the closing of monasteries. Two rival houses (royal families), York and Lancaster, each claimed to have the right to the throne. Animal Kingdoms: Hunting, the Environment and Power in the Indian Princely States. He began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). In 1492 Queen Isabella, the monarch of Spain, commissioned Columbus to prove he could find the western route. In 1555 Charles officially turned rule of the Netherlands over to Philip. battles, at Parma and Fuenterrabia, but they were soundly defeated at Ezquiros and Pamplona and driven out of Navarre. Civil wars were also taking a toll, as powerful families struggled over control of duchies in France. Court masques (plays in which actors wear masks), some of them written by the dramatist Ben Jonson (15721637), were based on classical myths. They had used the borrowed money to bribe imperial electors, the voting representatives who selected Charles as emperor. The forty-five-year reign of Elizabeth I was darkened by the executions of her cousin Mary Stuart (Mary, Queen of Scots) and of her favorite courtier, Robert Devereux, earl of Essex. Infuriated that the pope had sided with France, Charles sent his Spanish and German troops into Rome in 1527. The French also occupied the province of Navarre during the Comuneros Revolt in Spain. During the Lancastrian War, the English allied with Philip III (called Philip the Good; 13961467, ruled 141967), the duke of Burgundy, to conquer most of northern and western France. In the 1300s he had left a record of his journeys to the faraway lands of China (then called Cathay), India, and the Spice Islands. 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